Equal Pay Between Men And Women - 1732 Words

Jazmin Miller Mrs.Wathier English 10 Honors 4 November 2016 Equal Pay Over the past 50 years, equal pay between men and women has been a huge issue worldwide. If they have the same skills and education, women should get paid the same amount as men, regardless of their gender. Although the Equal Pay Act of 1963 was introduced to the United States of America, it still doesn’t necessarily mean that corporations have to enforce the act. However, if the act ever gets forced into place it could promote economic growth as a whole, lower poverty rates, improve middle class families, and help married- working full time men work less hours than they originally work to make up the gap in their wife s salary. When women take home smaller paychecks, it decreases their spending dimensions (Parramore 4). Since â€Å"a whopping 85 percent of purchasing decisions are made by women,† the more a woman makes is the more she spends on purchasing items as a consumer of the household (4). With that in mind, when a woman purchases more items, it increa ses economic growth as a whole which is the increase of goods in a population. It is a fact that mostly women go out and spend the household’s money on products like groceries, clothing for themselves or their kids, half on an automobile s car note, home improvement items, and electronics. If this spending power is taken away from women, companies that rely on their shoppers (mostly women) won’t get benefited in any way financially,Show MoreRelatedEqual Pay Difference Between Men And Women879 Words   |  4 Pagesit or not there is a income pay difference between men and women. The question is why men are getting paid more, when women are doing the same job. One job occupation that is currently dealing with the issue, are doctors. Male doctors are receiving more money than the female doctor. Although many individuals claim that the difference is because men work supplementary hours or sometimes tougher jobs than women they should make more than the opposite sex. This gender pay gap is unfair and could possiblyRead MoreThe Pay Gap Between Women And Men1738 Words   |  7 Pages2016 The Pay Gap between Women and Men Imagine you are a women who works hard and does the same job as some of the men, now imagine you all are explaining your paycheck and you see you that your check is less than theirs. Although women work the same jobs as men they are not being treated like it. We live in an age where women are not financially equal to the men work the same jobs. Because of this there are struggling single mothers, and the mistreatment of hard working women. Over the yearsRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women Essay1710 Words   |  7 Pageshaving, equality of rights between every race and ethnicity, because as we were so told, â€Å"All men are created equal.† We’ve assumed that they implied all humans, not simply the male gender when speaking that truth. However, women only gained their rights within the last 100 years and that famous quote was spoken centuries ago. So does this famous quote only apply to the male gender of our society? It seemed that for the longest time it did until women supposedly gained equal rights. Even though we haveRead MoreThe Equal Pay Act ( Epa ) Of 19631007 Words   |  5 PagesComing Until the Equal Pay Act (EPA) of 1963, many women were paid less for doing the same work as men. This division of wages often caused hardships and bitterness forcing women to work more hours on a weekly basis in order to make the same amount of money as their male counterparts. In order to understand the impact of the Equal Pay Act, you must first understand its purpose, the benefits, and also consider the negative effects. The act caused a maximum amount of the women to get paid a similarRead MoreEqual Pay For Equal Work1110 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: EQUAL PAY FOR EQUAL WORK Equal Pay for Equal Work Ellen F. Gossett English Composition II Trevecca Nazarene University Abstract There are many forms of discrimination that our society still faces even today. Whether it is discrimination against someone for religion, race, sexuality, or just the way they look, someone is always being targeted. There is one place in particular that discrimination should not be happening, but it is, and that is in our workplaces. The groupRead MoreDifferences Between Men And Women1085 Words   |  5 Pages Both men and women have been inequalities in the workplace. Women are still are not receiving equal pay for the equal work and the equal pay of work of the equal value. Even though women have increased their presence in higher paying jobs that are dominated by men, still women continue to work in low paying occupations as men. For so long woman have received less pay in jobs. They have not been treated fair and equal as a man does in the same job fields. Woman has worked so hard and have accomplishedRead MoreGender Inequality During World War II1686 Words   |  7 Pagesi nequality in the workplace has been a problematic topic for discussion. In terms of higher management and pay, some may agree to disagree that women are getting the shorter end of the stick. There is a significant difference in the salary and positions women are obtaining in large companies or corporations. Does that stir up the question, what is it that men are doing better than women? Or are women lacking certain qualities required to achieve these certain rights and opportunities? The preference towardsRead MoreGender Inequality During The Civil Rights Movement1480 Words   |  6 Pagesequality, including the Equal Pay Act of 1963. This Act requires equal pay for equal work, which calls attention to the unethical practice of paying female employees less in wages than male employees for the same job. It has been 53 years since President Kennedy approved this Act, and it has allowed women to experience economic and social progress, but much more remains to be done. When this Act was signed into law in 1963, women were only being paid 59% of what men were paid (â€Å"Pay Equity Information†)Read MoreThe Equal Pay Act Is An Anti Discrimination Policy1284 Words   |  6 PagesThe Equal Pay Act is an anti-discrimination policy, which was signed into law on June 10, 1963. The purpose of this policy was to stop gender based pay inequality. During World War Two, more women started to join the paid workforce, because a large amount of the men were away at war. As more and more women entered the work force, the pay differences began to rise. Women would only make fifty-nine percent of what men would make. This social issue brought the Equal Pay Act into law, it was to ensureRead MoreThe Equal Pay Act Of 1963974 Words   |  4 Pagesshould be aware of is the Equal Pay Act of 1963. As conversed in week nine of class discussion and video lecture, the Equal Pay Act of 1963 ends wage disparity based on sex. The main goal of this act was to ban discrimination in wages, benefits, and pensions based the gender of an employee in any place of employment. Women traditionally earned less than men for doing similar work. The United States has had a long history of knowledge of unequal pay between men and women, but it was not until around

The Dangers Of Cosmetic Surgery - 1419 Words

The Dangers of Cosmetic Surgery Have you ever thought about getting Cosmetic Surgery? The real question is, is it okay to get this kind of surgery? When do you know what the limit is, when do you stop, when is it okay or not okay? Well, cosmetic surgery is an operation that enhances or alters a part of your body or face that you want changed. If you are considering undergoing an operation, make sure you are aware of what’s involved before proceeding. With more than 55 million cosmetic surgeries in 2015(DiVirgilio), the demand for these procedures have increased as today s society body image has changed. With many celebrity men and women always in the public eye, people feel a need to constantly change their looks to meet what society†¦show more content†¦I watched [Keeping Up] and realized I had the same amount of siblings and that we have the same kind of arguments and things going on. I thought she was so beautiful and I really wanted to be like her. (DiVirgilio). Kylie and Kendall Jenner are the face of youth, with fashion, makeup and even cars, they are inspiration to teens everywhere. When you re being followed by paparazzi all the time, there s no time to look bad. That’s where dermatologist Christie Kidd comes into hand. She teaches the girls how to take care of their skin, what products to use, and when to use them. Who doesn’t want clear, glowing skin? With these products they use costing hundreds of dollars, not everyone who wants them can afford them. Although some people find pills and lotions worked on there skin, some don’t and have to result in getting chemical peels, laser treatment for red scars or personalized topical medications. Too many times we think what other people think or say about us is all that matters, when in reality it doesn’t. When people see their celebrity idols looks changing they want to change it to because they think they aren’t good enough. People can go thousands of dollars into debt by getting lip injections, breast enhancements or even butt implants, all because society makes it look like it’s the normal. It’s only a trend, and trends always fade after time. Their needs to be age limitations on cosmetic surgery, because of

Medical Case of Venessa and Present the Collaborative Management

Question: Discuss about the Medical Case of Venessa Smith and Present the Collaborative Management. Answer: Introduction The aim of assignment is to provision an evidenced based rationale in case of the patient and present the collaborativemanagement as a decision maker. The purpose is to well take into consideration the history pertaining to the case and employ the various strategies that would aid in the decision making as a senior mid wife associated with the medical case of Venessa. As Venessa have the fourth pregnancy and the number of births pertaining to visible offsprings being three in the case. The intent to bring about the collaborative management while having the support provisioned with the role of mid wife in the case. The various activities that would form part of taking decisions and acting in a manner that the pre-requisites are accordingly handled until the doctor is available. Early Pregnancy complications are common in medical science, which include pregnancy loss, threatened miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, molar pregnancy and hyperemesis (NSW, 2017; Gillon et al., 2014). Most of th e early pregnancy complication cases women are assessed, diagnosed and managed at early pregnancy assessment units (EPAUs). The manner in which the efficiencies would be deployed to consider for the team of registered nurses and graduate mid wives is crucial (AIHW, 2017). The decision making strategies which the assignment would cover would include the steps which would be taken based on the roles and responsibility of the senior mid wife. History Ms Vanessa Smith, a 38 year old G4 P3 presents takes her admission to the hospital. Since the hospital has no facility for NICU or High dependency Unit it is primarily depends on the emergency caesarean facility with on-call staff system. As the patient has already had sporadic antennal case outside, there is no record available with the patient or the hospital and even the patients cannot give any reference of the same (Magee et al., 2014). As documental evidence, she carried during her time of admission only a copy of her morphology ultrasound report. The report clearly indicate placenta was reported as situated in the upper anterior quadrant and clear of the cervical with the confirmation in the report that she is approximately 30 weeks pregnant. Her blood pressure been checked after thirty minutes from her admission and found 164/112mmHg. According to the patient, her blood pressure has always been normal. Some mild abdominal pain been reported, while investigating she admitted t hat she used to smoke nearly ten cigarettes a day. Her heart rate has been checked and found 130bpm. The same has been conveyed to the GP and she has confirmed she will be reaching hospital within four hours. Observations The patient is thirty weeks pregnant and of 38 years of age with 130bpm of heart rate, with clear cervical os. Since there are not much of medical history records, the patients can be advised for some physical activities as pr the guideline of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). The patient can adopt the prevalent Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and recommendation of thirty minutes or more of moderate considerable physical activity maximum on a regular basis, if not the entire week (Edwards et al., 2014). Those Physical activities will have end number of positive associated with pregnancy and delivery. She can get benefits which encompass shorter labor along with the delivery time, reduced pregnancy-associated complications, and discomfort along with recovery post-delivery (Shaffer, F. et al., 2014; Briley, A. L. et al., 2014; Mol, B. W. et al., 2016). Routine physical activity will reduce the pertaining incidence of childhood obesity along with the hypertension and gestational diabetes (Briley et al., 2014; Mol et al., 2016). The cardiovascular system pertaining to fetal is responsive to a great extent to maternal physical activity. Any physical activity linked to maternity at the times of gestation would have an impact and lower fetal heart rate (HR) along with increased heart rate variability (HRV). Physical Assessments (Maternal And Fetal) Higher intensity activity does associate to lower HR along with the greater overall HRV of the fetus being developed. Since the guideline has not mentioned anything specific about physical activities like continuous and non-continuous activities the patient can be advised to take up certain activities like moderate Resistance training, tasks linked to weight lifting and interspersed with certain periods of rest (Shaffer et al., 2014; Briley et al., 2014; Mol et al., 2016). The fetal assessment could have been better judged with the ultrasound in this case. Even with the consumption of smoking to a greater extent can have a negative impact. She used to smoke 10 cigarettes a day, in order to assess all. Since we have no report on her physical activities prior to pregnancy, it is difficult to recommend her anything specific. However to be more ascertain she can be asked to fill up the Activity Questionnaire (MPAQ) based on which she can be recommended for continuous (e.g., walking, jogg ing) or non-continuous (e.g., weight lifting, yoga) (May et al., 2014; Briley et al., 2014; Mol et al., 2016) . We can recommend her for tests to determine if she is suffering from any of those. Nausea in pregnancy, hyperemesis gravidarium, end of the first trimester with the symptoms - Wernickes encephalopathy - resulting from a nutritional imbalance of reduced thiamine, intravenous rehydration, electrolyte monitoring and restitution, anti-emetics, thiamine supplementation, non-resolving cases steroid therapy (Serin et al., 2017; May et al., 2014; Briley et al., 2014; Mol et al., 2016). The Possible Diagnoses Many women, almost over 50% suffer from nausea in pregnancy. It is called Hyperemesis gravidarium which is the inability to maintain hydration and leads to complication like dehydration and ketonuria. The symptom is nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (Serin et al., 2017; May et al., 2014; Briley et al., 2014; Mol et al., 2016). Though the percentage is low among pregnancy however it is something that makes a patient dehydrated, ketonuric, developing an electrolyte imbalance, (hyponatraemia and hypokalaemia). Those symptoms developed within the 8 weeks, and are directly associated with the levels of HCG, which tend to be evident at the end of the 1st trimester earlier to the settlement of second trimester (Serin et al., 2017; May et al., 2014; Briley et al., 2014; Mol et al., 2016). Patients who have nausea or associated weakness along with the symptoms of vomiting have greater discomfort in swallowing. The morning sickness along with the nausea at the pregnancy tends to be harmless. Th e extremity of morning sickness Hyperemesis Gravidarum pertains to the extreme form of morning sickness that is accompanied with severe vomiting (Serin et al., 2017; May et al., 2014; Briley et al., 2014; Mol et al., 2016). The diagnosis is based on the medical history of the patient. The physical examination is considered significant in the case. The signs of HG with great prominence are monitored with the examination done. the additional tests would also be needed in case to rule the problems associated with gastrointestinal concerns. The appropriate medication with the drugs - Promethazine or meclizine can be best resort (Garland et al., 2015; Serin et al., 2017; May et al., 2014; Briley et al., 2014; Mol et al., 2016). The patient can be proposed for pathophysiological tests to determine hyperemesis. It is related to the HCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin). There is a very rare case of complication called Molar pregnancies. This case is found among one out of seven hundred (1:700). This complication happens does take place in case of an abnormal conception as the case may be (Denno et al., 2015; Serin et al., 2017; May et al., 2014). (Jurkovic et al., 2015; Gillon et al., 2014). Investigations Motherhood is a dream for every woman and for that they take all possible means to ensure the birth of a healthy baby. Unfortunately there are cases where a women need to face some unexpected complications. It is advisable in general for every woman to go through active follow-ups and undergo necessary medical investigation when they receive the report confirming pregnant. It is even advised to take up necessary steps during the planning phase of family expansion (Heitmann et al., 2016; Jurkovic et al., 2013). It is very important to remember that each case is individual, all circumstances are different and proper information about the risk and benefits needs to be conveyed to the patients in advance with proper guidance with all available treatment options (Heitmann et al., 2016; Jurkovic et al., 2013). The role pertaining to EPAU along with open access does tend to aid in terms of regular scanning being conducted. Open access and choice in care options has also been advocated as he lping women to feel more in control of their treatment and reducing post-treatment rates of anxiety and depression (Mitchell et al., 2017; Cirillo Cohn, 2015; Fan et al., 2014). The baby along with the parent mother has to take care of her health. It is also crucial that for patients who have a case of an ectopic pregnancy, the relevance of ultrasound in subsequent pregnancies is important as it would in turn aid to exclude a recurrence. There are cases where pregnancy complications are found. Early pregnancy of complication during the advance stages of pregnancy (Cirillo Cohn, 2015; Fan et al., 2014). The units provide a detail report with specialist investigations (scan, HCG), on the nature of complication and a guideline on how to co-ordination and dealing. The EPAU does enable to a greater extent, the continuity of care along with the needed medical administrative coverage. The early pregnancy assessment has the risk of heavy bleeding from vagina. The abdominal pain also shoots up and the visual examinations hold greater significance (Cirillo Cohn, 2015; Fan et al., 2014; Creanga et al., 2015). The examination done by the nurse has to be recorded along with other medical conditions. The internal scans done are of great help too. Along with the ultrasound done, the blood test also might be needed to rule out any further complication and risk factors associated with infections (Smolowitz et al., 2015; Lavin et al., 2015). This is accepted by the medical science globally as the most cost effective while streamlining investigations. For the females who have the case of previous pregnancy being complicated, this service tends to be significant too for ongoing support in the case of future pregnancy (Cirillo Cohn, 2015; Fan et al., 2014). Unfortunately there are the healthcare services that fall under ever increasing pressure just in order to reduce costs t he open access would not be deemed to a greater extent as a financially viable service. It is crucial that viable investigations do take place and results are well explained (Creanga et al., 2015; Cirillo Cohn, 2015; Fan et al., 2014). It is considered significant that patients are given appropriate education along with the efforts from support groups. Management Prioritizing patient care is essential as there can be the risk of unexpected that always prevails. With the appropriate patient care done based on the documents which reflect the background (Smolowitz et al., 2015; Lavin et al., 2015). As Vanessa has had sporadic antenatal care elsewhere, it is necessary that the needed treatment going ahead would require the additional care which has to be well managed. It is important that the treatment pre requisites are well adhered (Smolowitz et al., 2015; Lavin et al., 2015) Communication And Documentation The importance of communication with the patient along with the family cannot be ruled out. It is very important the patient and the family does get to know the complications if any and the treatment. With the blood pressure reports and ascertaining the habit of the patient, it was crucial to step in and make the patient and the family understand the ill effects and the risks pertaining to the serious cigarette smoking by Vanessa. As she is 30 weeks pregnant, the mild abdominal pain she is getting needs to be well comprehended. The reason for the pain and by carefully examining the morphology ultrasound, it has to be well made understood to Vanessa that the fetal heart rate stands to be normal between 120 -160 beats in a minute and the same needs to be communicated. Also that in her case, the fetal heart rate being 130 bpm is normal. The documentation that would need to be well kept in order is the assessment of ultrasound and the record of blood pressure, fetal heart rate along with the medical condition to be well documented before the doctor arrives. Referral Requirements And Support The referrals to other service providers would not be needed in the case. With the investigation done and the medical records in place, the important issue that has to be considered is the effective coordination with the team to monitor the patient. The local support workers would need to have a consultation with the senior staff. Conclusion Having a healthy baby is the dream for all women. In case of Vanessa, the report clearly does indicate that the placenta was reported as situated in the upper anterior quadrant and she is 30 weeks pregnant. There is due care and diligence which is expected to be well delivered to avoid and risks and uncertainties taking place. Thecollaborative management approach in well coordinating the activities and the decision that needs to be taken as part of the care service provisioned is crucial in the case. Vanessa also has got done the sporadic antenatal care elsewhere, it is necessary that the needed treatment going ahead. The significance of communicating with patient is crucial .The various activities would encompass taking decisions along with acting in a manner that the pre-requisites are accordingly handled until the doctor could have been available. Early Pregnancy can have complications associated and are common in medical science, which include pregnancy loss, threatened miscarria ge, ectopic pregnancy, molar pregnancy and hyperemesis. The family of patient too needs to be educated on the concerns and development. With the blood pressure reports and ascertaining the habit of the patient, it was crucial to step in and make the patient and the family understand the ill effects and the risks. The complications in early pregnancy have to be well attended and the position of mid wife involves greater roles and responsibility too. References AIHW (2017). Our Services. Retrieved from:https://www.aihw.gov.au/ Briley, A. L., Barr, S., Badger, S., Bell, R., Croker, H., Godfrey, K. M., ... Patel, N. (2014). A complex intervention to improve pregnancy outcome in obese women; the UPBEAT randomised controlled trial.BMC pregnancy and childbirth,14(1), 74. Cirillo, P. M., Cohn, B. A. (2015). Pregnancy Complications and Cardiovascular Disease Death: Fifty-Year Follow-Up of the Child Health and Development Studies Pregnancy Cohort.Circulation, CIRCULATIONAHA-113. Creanga, A. A., Berg, C. J., Syverson, C., Seed, K., Bruce, F. C., Callaghan, W. M. (2015). Pregnancy-related mortality in the United States, 20062010.Obstetrics Gynecology,125(1), 5-12. Denno, D. M., Hoopes, A. J., Chandra-Mouli, V. (2015). Effective strategies to provide adolescent sexual and reproductive health services and to increase demand and community support.Journal of Adolescent Health,56(1), S22-S41. Edwards, J. G., Feldman, G., Goldberg, J., Gregg, A. R., Norton, M. E., Rose, N. C., ... Watson, M. S. (2015). Expanded carrier screening in reproductive medicinepoints to consider: a joint statement of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, National Society of Genetic Counselors, Perinatal Quality Foundation, and Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine.Obstetrics Gynecology,125(3), 653-662. Fan, X., Rai, A., Kambham, N., Sung, J. F., Singh, N., Petitt, M., ... Gambhir, S. S. (2014). Endometrial VEGF induces placental sFLT1 and leads to pregnancy complications.The Journal of clinical investigation,124(11), 4941. Garland, E. M., Celedonio, J. E., Raj, S. R. (2015). Postural tachycardia syndrome: beyond orthostatic intolerance.Current neurology and neuroscience reports,15(9), 1-11. Gillon, T. E., Pels, A., von Dadelszen, P., MacDonell, K., Magee, L. A. (2014). Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: a systematic review of international clinical practice guidelines.PLoS One,9(12), e113715. Heitmann, K., Solheimsnes, A., Havnen, G. C., Nordeng, H., Holst, L. (2016). Treatment of nausea and vomiting during pregnancya cross-sectional study among 712 Norwegian women.European journal of clinical pharmacology,72(5), 593-604. Jurkovic, D., Overton, C., Bender-Atik, R. (2013). Diagnosis andmanagement of first trimester miscarriage.BMJ,346, f3676. Lavin, M., Harper, E., Barr, N. (2015). Health information technology, patient safety, and professional nursing care documentation in acute care settings.OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing,20(2). Magee, L. A., Pels, A., Helewa, M., Rey, E., von Dadelszen, P., Audibert, F., ... Firoz, T. (2014). Diagnosis, evaluation, andmanagement of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: executive summary.Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada,36(5), 416-438. May, L. E., Suminski, R. R., Berry, A., Langaker, M. D., Gustafson, K. M. (2014). Maternal physical activity mode and fetal heart outcome.Early human development,90(7), 365-369. Mitchell?Jones, N., Gallos, I., Farren, J., Tobias, A., Bottomley, C., Bourne, T. (2017). Psychological morbidity associated with hyperemesis gravidarum: a systematic review and meta?analysis.BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics Gynaecology,124(1), 20-30. Mol, B. W., Roberts, C. T., Thangaratinam, S., Magee, L. A., De Groot, C. J., Hofmeyr, G. J. (2016). Pre-eclampsia.The Lancet,387(10022), 999-1011. NSW (2017). Maternity - Management of Early Pregnancy Complications. Retrieved from: https://www1.health.nsw.gov.au/pds/ActivePDSDocuments/PD2012_022.pdf Serin, S. O., Karaoren, G., Okuturlar, Y., Unal, E., Ahci, S., Karakoc, E., Ucak, S. (2017). Thiamin and folic acid deficiency accompanied by resistant electrolyte imbalance in the re-feeding syndrome in an elderly patient.Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition,26(2), 379. Shaffer, F., McCraty, R., Zerr, C. L. (2014). A healthy heart is not a metronome: an integrative review of the heart's anatomy and heart rate variability.Frontiers in psychology,5. Smolowitz, J., Speakman, E., Wojnar, D., Whelan, E. M., Ulrich, S., Hayes, C., Wood, L. (2015). Role of the registered nurse in primary health care: Meeting health care needs in the 21st century.Nursing Outlook,63(2), 130-136.

The Fight For Women Suffrage Example For Students

The Fight For Women Suffrage â€Å"Remember the ladies,† wrote boldly by the soon to be First Lady Abigail Adams to her husband John Adams in March 1776. Abigail Adams’s words were one of the first noted mentions in the United States foreshadowing the beginning of an extensive suppressed battle towards women’s suffrage. The fight for women suffrage was a movement in which women, and some men included, pleaded for equal rights regarding voting and women’s voice within the political realm. Women’s suffrage was not a matter of instant success; it endured a prolonged time to achieve. It was not until August 1920, about 14 decades subsequent after Abigail Adam’s words that the 19th amendment which had provided everyone the right to vote regardless of a person’s â€Å"sex†, had passed. Although the 19th amendment nationalized equal voting rights throughout the country in 1920, many states ratified this amendment in even later years. The lengthy period and long co mplex battles towards victory were the result of many obstacles between suffragists and anti-suffragists; obstacles which hindered the movement’s progress and which are not limited to: traditionally accustomed values, religion, split arguments within the movement, and other national political setbacks. If these setbacks were handled differently in a more urgent manner, women suffrage might have achieved earlier than 1920 or in a shorter amount of a gruesome activism period. We will write a custom essay on The Fight For Women Suffrage specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now First and foremost, in order to understand the struggles and the urges of the women seeking equal rights, one must understand the history of what caused them to be left out of the voting world in the first place. Needless to say that â€Å"Equality† has always been a major topic throughout the history of numerous civilizations. The demand for equality signifies that either a group of people or a particular featured type of individuals based on factors such as class and race holds more power than another group and/or seen as more powerful. Hence was the case between gender’s differences: inequality between a man and a woman. This notion meant that one of these two groups hold more prestige than the other one. These matters of power, perceived differences, and inequality boggled many psychologists, historians, writers and philosophers to analyze, while activists were determined to take actions to the next level by seeking reforms. As mentioned before, historians have long tried to determine the origins of the inequality between men and women. They tested whether biology, nature, religion, or perhaps, a universal factor influenced the view that women are inferior to men. Meanwhile, some historians date the concept of equality back to the Greek civilization and their methodologies. Since the United States was formed based on a democratic government which was derived from the Greeks, many of the same traditional views persisted; women are inferior to men. The notion of inferiority played one of the most crucial roles at delaying the women’s suffrage movement in the United States given the fact that many were so accustomed to this concept. Although traditional thinking’s perpetuated in the United States, many argued that the origin of gender inequality should not matter as much as why inequality is still going or why absolute equality had yet to be achieved. Author Robert Max Jackson describes this e xcuse as â€Å"a grave error.† In his journal titled Analyzing the Persistence of Gender Inequality: How to Think about the Origins, Jackson states that: â€Å"Efforts to explain gender inequality sometimes ignore a crucial distinction between explaining the origins of gender inequality and explaining its perpetuation.† Thus, this accustomed notion of inferiority should not have been of the major reasons why many could not let go to the traditional values. Similarly, the political world was male-dominated with women having almost no voice whatsoever. Men were considered to be the head of households while women were considered to be possessions of their husbands, holding the duty of taking care of their family and other domestic aspects. Women were an image of sexual stereotypes in which society placed their roles on the idea of â€Å"The Cult of True Womanhood†. According to the historian Barbara Welter, the idea of The Cult of True Womanhood was that the virtues of a true woman resided in piety, purity, submissiveness and domesticity. Thus, men and women were thought be from â€Å"separate spheres.† With this fact, many (both men and women) resisted the idea of granting women the right to vote. Some believed that, if women were giving a say in politics, traditional family structures would be disturbed. As for Diane Atkinson, she stated the reasons that some antis proposed were that: â€Å"If women became involved in pol itics, they would stop marrying, having children, and the human race would die out.† She also stated the antis claimed that because of women’s â€Å"delicate† nature, â€Å"Women would be corrupted by politics and chivalry would die out. Comparing these arguments with Welter’s cult of womanhood, it is evident why many opposed the idea of granting women suffrage and why it took longer for many to let go of these perceptions. Due to the supposedly â€Å"delicate† nature of women, they were regarded as less intelligent and emotional creatures whose voting capabilities would not be rational. Many antis feared that women would vote in large groups which in return would affect the outcomes of future elections. Moreover, women were seen to be in general geared towards conservatisms. That means that most of their votes would have gone towards candidates who showed conservatism values; an idea that politicians and Republicans feared at the time. .ub042b5bba27a88fd9f116a8a36012abe , .ub042b5bba27a88fd9f116a8a36012abe .postImageUrl , .ub042b5bba27a88fd9f116a8a36012abe .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub042b5bba27a88fd9f116a8a36012abe , .ub042b5bba27a88fd9f116a8a36012abe:hover , .ub042b5bba27a88fd9f116a8a36012abe:visited , .ub042b5bba27a88fd9f116a8a36012abe:active { border:0!important; } .ub042b5bba27a88fd9f116a8a36012abe .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub042b5bba27a88fd9f116a8a36012abe { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub042b5bba27a88fd9f116a8a36012abe:active , .ub042b5bba27a88fd9f116a8a36012abe:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub042b5bba27a88fd9f116a8a36012abe .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub042b5bba27a88fd9f116a8a36012abe .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub042b5bba27a88fd9f116a8a36012abe .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub042b5bba27a88fd9f116a8a36012abe .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub042b5bba27a88fd9f116a8a36012abe:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub042b5bba27a88fd9f116a8a36012abe .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub042b5bba27a88fd9f116a8a36012abe .ub042b5bba27a88fd9f116a8a36012abe-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub042b5bba27a88fd9f116a8a36012abe:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Looking At American History : What Was The Key Factor Of The Problem For The Past 1900 Years?Likewise, author and theologian Horace Bushnell argued that women shared a history of oppression and argues that women are subordinates of men. According to Bushnell, women’s suffrage was an insult to the natural laws of women just like the antis claimed, and he asserted that the suffrage movement contradicted the Bible. On this period, many were trying to settle Christian values in America. Religious values, as a result, created many antis within the devout believers. Some of these antis believed that women were second-class citizens. With the idea of women as the possessio ns of men and that their husbands already represented them when voting, many protested against suffrage. On the other hand, although Bushnell’s book was published later, ideas such as his challenged reformers to rethink and take action. These challenging ideas were what urged activists such as Elizabeth Canton and Lucretia Mott to hold the official debut of the women’s suffrage movement in a conference that is known as the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848. Yet, it would take 72 years later of activism following this convention for suffrage to be ratified in 1920. Another reason behind the delay of the women’s suffrage movement was that many believed that the majority of women themselves did not truly want suffrage. Antis used that to argue that many women had no concerns in voting and only a few were interested in achieving that goal. Author Anne Myra Benjamin states in her book that: â€Å"In the heat of the campaign, no suffragist ever admits that the women are the real opponents of the â€Å"cause†. To do so, that would be fatal. After the smoke of the battle has cleared away, however, some suffragist occasionally gets up in meeting and tell the truth† Many women opposed the idea of suffrage because of the same-old traditions and customs they were used to. These anti-suffragists women believed that their role was to stay at home. Newspapers’ propaganda and antis used this fact to persuade others that granting women the right to vote would be ineffectual since only a fraction was interested in this cause. The mov ement would further be delayed because of different tactics that the women suffragists used within the movement. The different approaches proposed by the women to achieve suffrage also caused a delay in the movement. These approaches were a result of the 15th Amendment which was ratified in 1870 after the Civil War of 1861 to 1865. The 15th amendment which states that: â€Å"The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude† caused a major stir and a split within the suffrage movement. Suffragists were not satisfied with this amendment because of the exclusion of the word â€Å"sex.† That meant that the amendment was not applicable to women. Thus, suffragists were divided between whether race was more important than gender. This also led to another issue for the African American-females whose struggles were doubled between race and gender. As a result, two different organizations were formed. They were the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) le d by Elizabeth Candy Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, and the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) which was assisted by Lucy Stone and Antoinette Brown Blackwell. Susan B. Anthony’s campaigns favored a more national attention because she believed that many of the abolitionists were antis. NWSA’s failure to include all women underestimated the movement. While abolitionist feared that women’s suffrage would detriment their effort for equal rights for African Americans, Although the two organizations were divided by methods, they were united in one common goal: women’s suffrage. NWSA tactics were more concerned about modifications of the 15th amendment to include women while ASWA supported the abolitionists and the Republicans while they sought state rather than national campaigns. Counter to these two groups, opponents formed the Woman’s Anti-Suffrage Association in order to disapprove the movement. Meanwhile, politicians and lawmakers claimed that abolition was nationally more important at the time. As a result, they aimed to focus rather on the civil war because it was seen as a bigger issue; thus delaying the suffrage movement. .u159397425613cb48a7d264aa24081fd4 , .u159397425613cb48a7d264aa24081fd4 .postImageUrl , .u159397425613cb48a7d264aa24081fd4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u159397425613cb48a7d264aa24081fd4 , .u159397425613cb48a7d264aa24081fd4:hover , .u159397425613cb48a7d264aa24081fd4:visited , .u159397425613cb48a7d264aa24081fd4:active { border:0!important; } .u159397425613cb48a7d264aa24081fd4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u159397425613cb48a7d264aa24081fd4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u159397425613cb48a7d264aa24081fd4:active , .u159397425613cb48a7d264aa24081fd4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u159397425613cb48a7d264aa24081fd4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u159397425613cb48a7d264aa24081fd4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u159397425613cb48a7d264aa24081fd4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u159397425613cb48a7d264aa24081fd4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u159397425613cb48a7d264aa24081fd4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u159397425613cb48a7d264aa24081fd4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u159397425613cb48a7d264aa24081fd4 .u159397425613cb48a7d264aa24081fd4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u159397425613cb48a7d264aa24081fd4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Alice Paul's Determination in Women's SuffrageJust like the abolitionist movement, women played a prominent role in many of the reforms during the 1820s and the 1830s. One of the supported reforms that women supported was the temperance movement. Women wanted prohibition as a way to alleviate family safety, less aggressive husbands and etc†¦ Since women supported this cause, many antis were reluctant to grant suffrage because they believed that women would allow prohibition to be resulted. Last but not least, many women were not household holders or lodgers. If they were given the right to vote, men who are not householders would also want to be given the right to vot e. Lawmakers were not ready for this reform. Thus women’s suffrage was delayed until further points were made. In conclusion, many factors attributed to the extended lengthy period of betrayals and inequality. Ellen DuBois states in her book that: â€Å"The notion of political equality was so radical that for a long time it was virtually impossible even to imagine women suffrage†. Nowadays, women are holding powers in offices on a big scale; although men still outnumber them. It took long for women to have a voice in the political world. This was considered to be a tremendous achievement in the history of women given that they fought a battle without any major blood-shedding and violence. Nevertheless, the other question remains: how long it will take now for a woman to be dubbed the president of the United States of America? Will candidate Hillary Clinton impresses enough the nation and makes history to be the first even women president? Time will tell, and maybe we will have to wait many decades again for this milestone achievement.

Nineteenth Amendment

Nineteenth Amendment Free Online Research Papers The Nineteenth Amendment The Nineteenth Amendment was a vital turning point for the United States and its government. It was important because it changed voting rights for women. It also gave the women of the United States more freedom. The Nineteenth Amendment also changed the way women were viewed by society and gave them a higher place in society. Before the nineteenth amendment was passed in June 4, 1919 women were not allowed to vote. If they tried to they would get in trouble with the law and they would be imprisoned. The article â€Å"Women’s Fight for the Vote,† reads that Susan B. Anthony was prosecuted for illegally voting in the 1872 Elections, in Rochestor, New York. In Susan Barbers article, â€Å"One Hundred Years towards Suffrage: An Overview,† in 1874 while Susan B. Anthony was being prosecuted and taken to trial Sojourner Truth demanded a ballot to vote in the Battle Creek, Michigan, but she was turned away. However, in 1878 a women suffrage amendment was introduced in the United States Congress. The wording was unchanged in 1919, when the amendment finally passed both houses. This amendment was and still is very important because before this amendment women were allowed to do very little. The Nineteenth Amendment gave women more freedom and put women in a higher place in society. Women were obligated to be housewives and the majority of them were not allowed to work. An exception was when men went off to war women would have to replace the men in their jobs until they came back from war. All of this was before the Nineteenth Amendment was passed. After it was passed by congress women were allowed to vote also they were allowed to work on their own and have their own jobs, not just to replace men while they were off at war. They had big moral values and people finally valued them. In 1920, half a century after obtaining the right to vote women got the right to vote also. The nineteenth amendment read that the right of citizens of the United States shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex. Women felt that they as citizens should have the right to vote. Many women like Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucy Stone, and Julia Ward Howe fought for the women’s right to vote. Stanton and Anthony marched in a women’s suffrage parade in 1919. They worked hard and tirelessly for women’s voting rights. Many women would get together and they staged parades, organized protest meetings, endured hunger strikes, heckled candidates for Parliament, and spat policemen who tired to silence them. Many of the women involved were often imprisoned for their activities, before parliament granted them the right to vote in 1928. When women got the right to vote it changed the way they were viewed by society. They were given more respect and were now seen as people instead of just housekeepers. However, Native Americans still did not have the right to vote. Four years after ratification of the nineteenth amendment in 1924, citizenship; including the right to vote, was extended to Native Americans. The beginning of the fight for women’s suffrage is usually traced to the â€Å"Declaration of Sentiments† produced at the women’s convention in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Four years later at the women’s right convention is Syracuse in 1852. Susan B. Anthony joined the fight arguing that: â€Å"The right women needed above everyone†¦was the right of suffrage.† In May 1919 the necessary two-thirds vote in favor of women suffrage amendment was finally mustered in congress and the proposed amendment was sent to the states for ratification. because women lacked the vote and therefore political power, they were denied many opportunities that were open and available for men. In 1872, Myra Bradwell challenged Illinois law which restricted membership in the state bar to men. The Supreme Court upheld the law. In minor, a unanimous vote the court rejected the argument that either the privileges and immunities clause of the fourteenth amendment extended vote to women. In July 1890, the Territory of Wyoming, which allowed women to vote, was admitted as a state. Wyoming became the first state with women suffrage rights. Many women got together and made a petition asking that voting rights be given to women in 1871. Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and many others signed it. After the civil war, the suffrage movement was divided due to ideolog y differences. Two separate organizations pursued voting rights for women. Both sides made a petition, but the petition was obviously not granted at the time. However, men were not the only ones who opposed to women’s suffrage. Some opposition also came from women as well. Some women believed that the political process and power was demeaning to their roles as wives and mothers. In New York, there was a Women’s Vote Anti-Suffrage Party that circulated a petition against women’s suffrage in 1918. The remaining twelve states of the union took over sixty years to add ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, ten of these states originally had rejected the amendment. Mississippi was the last state of the forty-eight states to ratify the amendment when it did so on March 22, 1984. A vital amendment that changed the United States constitution forever was the nineteenth amendment. It gave women the right to vote. However, it took half a century after for the women to gain this right in 1920. The amendment read: â€Å"Section One: The right of citizens of the united States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Section Two: Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.† The nineteenth amendment was passed by congress June 4, 1919 and was ratified in August 18, 1920. Therefore the nineteenth amendment was and is still to this day vital to the United States Constitution. It made a huge impact and changed things for the best. Research Papers on Nineteenth Amendment19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresThe Fifth HorsemanPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesHip-Hop is ArtQuebec and CanadaResearch Process Part OneAnalysis Of A Cosmetics Advertisement

The Presidents Cabinet - Agencies and Secretaries

The Presidents Cabinet - Agencies and Secretaries Clearly one of the most popular homework assignments in America Name the presidents Cabinet. The Cabinet-level departments are listed here in order of presidential succession. Department of State Secretary of State:  Mike PompeoWeb Address: state.gov/ Department of Treasury Secretary of the Treasury:  Steven MnuchinWeb Address: ustreas.gov/ Department of Defense Secretary of Defense: Dr. Mark T. EsperWeb Address: defenselink.mil/ Department of Justice Attorney General  William P. BarrWeb Address: usdoj.gov/ Department of Interior Acting Secretary of the Interior David BernhardtWeb Address: doi.gov/ Department of Agriculture (USDA) Secretary of Agriculture:  Sonny  Perdue IIIWeb Address: usda.gov/ Department of Commerce Secretary of Commerce:  Wilbur L. Ross, Jr.Web Address: commerce.gov/ Department of Labor Secretary of Labor:  Deputy Secretary of Labor Patrick PizzellaWeb Address: dol.gov/ Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Secretary of Health and Human Services:  Alex AzarWeb Address: hhs.gov/ Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development:Ben CarsonWeb Address: hud.gov/ Department of Transportation (DOT) Secretary of Transportation:  Elaine ChaoWeb Address: dot.gov/ Department of Energy (DOE) Secretary of Energy:  Rick PerryWeb Address: doe.gov/ Department of Education Secretary of Education: Betsy DeVosWeb Address: ed.gov/ Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Acting VA Secretary Robert WilkieWeb Address: va.gov/ Department of Homeland Security Secretary of Homeland Security (Acting Secretary Kevin McAleenan)Web Address: dhs.gov/ Note: While not officially part of the Cabinet, the following positions currently have Cabinet-rank status:White House Chief of StaffAdministrator of the Environmental Protection AgencyDirector of the Office of Management BudgetUnited States Trade RepresentativeUnited States Ambassador to the United NationsChairman of the Council of Economic AdvisersAdministrator of the Small Business Administration More About the Cabinet Why is it called cabinet? When did it first meet? How much do the secretaries make, who picks them and how long do they serve?

McDonald's North America Marketing Plan Research Paper

McDonald's North America Marketing Plan - Research Paper Example The company currently has a global presence in 118 countries. Mission McDonald’s mission statement is to be their customer’s favorite place to eat (Aboutmcdonalds, 2011). The mission of the company is achieved by offering a wide variety of products at low prices that provide value to the customers. The firm is also able to achieve its mission by offering its customers a McDonald’s location near their homes. McDonald’s is the industry leader in both sales and number of outlets with 2010 sales of $24 billion and over 33,000 stores worldwide (Annual Report: McDonalds, 2010). The employees of the company are well trained to provide its customers with an excellent level of service that will keep them coming back for more. Marketing Objectives The marketing objectives of the company are to continue growing the brand of the company, to satisfy the needs of its customers, and to maintain its leadership in the fast food industry. McDonald’s invests millions of dollars each year to ensure its marketing objectives are met. The annual advertising budget of McDonald’s is approximately $2 billion (Chicagobreakingbusiness, 2010). No other company in the fast food industry spends as much on advertising as McDonald’s does. ... An organic growth model can be defined as expansion of a firm’s operations from its own internally generated resources, without resorting to borrowing or acquisitions of other firms (Businessdictionary, 2011). The firm operating results have been outstanding with the company achieving sales growth for eight consecutive years. The appreciation of the company’s common stock is evidence that the company has increased the wealth of its shareholders. Appendix A shows the price movement of McDonald’s common stock during the past five years. McDonald’s common stock is traded in the NYSE under the symbol MCD. The price of the MCD common stock as of September 23, 2011 was $87.37 (Nyse, 2011). During the last five years the price of McDonald’s common stock has more than doubled. Another financial goal of the company is to increase its sales internationally. The aggressive expansion plan the company implemented decades ago has helped the company achieve that g oal. Target Markets McDonald’s has a large target market. The firm has a product that can be consumed by people of all ages. The company over its long history has realized that the best way to build its customer base is by targeting young people including children. McDonald’s is the most effective company in the fast food industry at adverting for children. The Ronald McDonald character is beloved by American children. The company has done a great job at using this character in its children advertising campaigns. Customers that have a need to eat outside on a daily basis are the main target of the company. Everyone that has a full time job and eats outside at lunchtime on weekdays is a prime target of the company.

Structure & Strategies for success Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Structure & Strategies for success - Coursework Example The matrix organization will use the teams of employees to accomplish the set work and take advantage of the strengths and make up for the weaknesses of functional and decentralized forms as we are providing more than one product and service. A strong or project matrix will be adopted where a project manager will be responsible for a particular product. Functional managers will provide technical expertise and assign resources as needed. The format used in the organization will ensure successful implementation of the organization’s purpose and function. The organization will be led by a Chief Executive Officer and will have seventy five employees. Under the executive officer will be the various departmental heads. The organization will have six major departments which include; Product Management, Information and Communications Technology, Research and Development, Sales and Marketing, Finance and Human Resources. Under product management each product and service will have a lin e manager and staff under him or her who will be in charge of all operations of the product from its development to the distribution to the customer. Each product or service will be handled as an independent item but may be combined for promotional purposes. The chief executive officer will oversee the overall implementation of the organizations goals and objectives. The chief product management will ensure that all products and services are developed to the satisfactory of the customer. The chief information and communications technology will handle the needs of the company as well as work in liaison with research and development department and product management in coming up with new products or improving existing ones. The chief research and development will ensure continued innovation of products and services and enhancement of existing products. Chief sales and marketing will be responsible for the marketing of the products and achievement of sales targets set. The chief financ e officer will be in charge of the organizations budget; revenue, costs and expenses while the chief human resources will be in charge of the personnel or work force. Organizational Structure CCC Marketing Strategies for success Strategy is the direction and scope of an organization over the long-term (Johnson & Scholes 17). The company’s strategic plan will help determine where the organization is going over the next five years. A goals-based planning will be undertaken and will focus on the organization’s mission, vision, values and goals and will be adopted by all departments to ensure success of the organization. Strategic planning will be conducted at least once a year to facilitate setting of goals in the coming year. Factors that will be considered in the strategies for success are the products, price, place, promotion, people, process and physical evidence. Products and Services The company is offering a wide range of products and services which include satel lite dish and broadband set up for home and business, IP phone set up, Pdq (credit card machine), satellite television and satellite networking. The products are functional as need for internet use is paramount and on the increase both from home and office. Cable television is also in high demand. Support after installations will be offered for the client and warranty for the equipment will also be given. Price and Place The products and serv

Free

Freedom of speech Essay Introduction: The American Flag is slowly being folded into a perfect triangle by soldiers. Bystanders watch as a twenty one gun salute is given to a veteran’s family who gave his life for our country. The family weeps over their lost loved one. This sacred moment in time is one that no one should interrupt. A group out of Kansas known as Westboro Baptist Church (WBC) travels around the country protesting at soldiers’ funerals that the death is God’s punishment to the U. S. for tolerating homosexuality in the country. This so called â€Å"church† is able to hold protests due to constitutional rights and express their freedom of speech; however they should not be allowed to protest at funerals out of respect for the deceased and disturbing the peace. The Westboro Baptist Church is disturbing the public’s peace, but still has the freedom of speech to picket and protest what they please. Funerals should be sacred, and therefore Congress should pass a law placing limits on where it is acceptable to protest. Research Section: The Brief Bio of Pastor Fred Phelps states, in Topeka, Kansas, Fred Phelps founded the Westboro Baptist Church in 1955. Phelps was appointed to the United States Military Academy at West Point, but instead enrolled for Bible/Ministerial training at Bob Jones College. Joined by his family and friends, Phelps is still leading the church today. The Westboro Baptist Church is a non – profit organization, and the church considers itself an â€Å"Old School† Baptist Church. The Westboro Church groups are traveling around the country making stops several times a week to protest and picket. â€Å"Targets include schools the group deems to be accepting of homosexuality; Catholic, Lutheran, and other Christian denominations that WBC feels are heretical; and funerals for people murdered or killed in accidents like plane crashes and for American soldiers killed in Iraq and Afghanistan, a tactic the group started in 2005† (The Anti-Defamation League). Not only directed at soldiers and gays, The Westboro Baptist Church fuels on any tragedy happening in the United States. After the natural disaster of hurricane Sandy, the church protests that it was a sign from God. The Constitution, under the Bill of Rights, protects this groups’ advocacy to protest wherever they wish. The church holds signs saying â€Å"Pope in hell†, â€Å"Thanks God for dead soldiers†, â€Å"God Hates Fags† and anything else to offend the people or groups it is towards. They also wear American flags around their waste and will kick it around on the ground. The community cannot endure the verbal torture any long and this has led to court cases and out breaks. Jonsson states â€Å"While Westboro is usually careful to stay within the law and clear protests with local police, counter protesters have in the past attacked members of the group, even pouring coffee on them and spitting on them.† Argument: The Westboro Church should not be able to disturb the peace and privacy at a funeral nor picket institutions or individuals for supporting homosexuality. The signs they display are disturbing, inappropriate, and offensive. The Westboro Church’s controversial appearances have led to several court cases dealing with places restrictions on the freedom to protest, particularly distance limits on how close you are authorized to protest from a funeral site. One case was brought forward by Albert Snyder, father of Mathew Snyder, a 20 year-old solider killed in Iraq. Ariane de Vogue stated â€Å"The case, one of the most controversial on the court docket, was brought by Albert Snyder, who sued the church, after members picketed the funeral of his son, Lance Corporal Matthew Snyder, who died in Iraq†. The Church has many opinions that should not be said or displayed to the public due to the emotional cause and pain the public has to endure. Having hurt the American citizens, the Westboro Church, under the first amendment, has the freedom of speech. The First Amendment states Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. Therefore, this gives the Westboro Baptist Church the right to protest in public while being protected by federal law. The Church groups were standing far enough away from the funeral that the court could not prove the protest was exactly pointed at the Snyder’s son’s burial. Warren Richey stated â€Å"The protesters stood in a cordoned off area approved by police about a thousand feet from the church.† The Supreme Court used the distance the group was away from the burial to say that the protest was not pointed directly at Snyder’s family during the burial. Even though The Westboro Church has the First Amendment protecting them, they are still disturbing the peace and offending the public by protesting. Our freedom of speech is protected by the Constitution which is protected by our soldiers, a freedom Westboro Baptist Church has abused by protesting the very soldiers who fight for this freedom. Holding signs saying â€Å"you’re going to hell†, â€Å"God hates America†, and â€Å"Thank God for IEDs†, are insulting to the public and the country and are affecting Americans everywhere. â€Å"Snyder has called the day his son died ‘the worst day of his life’. His grief was compounded, he said, by being targeting by the church’s demonstrations. ‘It is one thing no family should ever have to go through’†(De Vogue, Ariane). The definition of disturbing the peace is â€Å"A person who fights in a public area, or who brings about the threat of fighting, anyone who is purposefully disruptive of an otherwise peaceful public assembly, one who solicits money while in a public place a person who is drunk, and unruly in a public area, or any group that participates in an unlawful assembly† (For the people). Westboro would fall under anyone who is purposefully disruptive of an otherwise peaceful public assembly. The church is showing poor judgment and an utter disregard for human dignity when they protest at a funeral. Proposal: With all the disturbances that the Westboro Baptist Church has caused, Congress should incorporate litigation to prevent insults to others. Congress must pass a law placing limits on the extent of free speech and the right to protest in regard to memorial services. Given the freedom of speech, Congress cannot prohibit the protestors from displaying signs that are obscene or stating their opinions, but can pass a law stating how far away from the funeral the protests have to be. Williams stated, â€Å"Indeed, in the incident in question, Westboro complied with police requests to stay 1,000 feet from the funeral, and all but the tops of its members’ signs were hidden from mourners’ view†. Congress should take this into consideration and reflect upon veterans and American citizens civil rights. In my opinion, family members should not have to face such obscenities during a period of mourning. The First Amendment does not prevent Westboro Baptist Church from offending the family members and citizens from their perverse signs and protests. Therefore, many civil law suits have not proven effective towards the church under the right of the First Amendment and freedom of speech. Most Americans whose thoughts are negative towards the church’s views choose to hold counter protests in support of veteran’s family members who have been killed in combat (Policinski, 2011). Congress passing the law should help these families during a time of grief to remember their loved one, and not have to see the disgraceful sign of hatred to this country. Conclusion: The First Amendment to the Constitution is a privilege Americans take grand ownership of. However, a group of individuals from the Westboro Baptist Church are taking advantage of this right we all have, pushing the freedom of speech to the point where citizens are questioning its true value. Individuals are starting to come together to counter protest toward Westboro so they will stop insulting those that fight for this country. Policinski stated â€Å"A few weeks ago, in Nashville, Tenn., more than 1,000 counter-protesters turned out in support of family members of a soldier killed in combat, overwhelming the presence of a small Westboro contingent†. The daily lives of Americans should not have to be interrupted by such insanity, and having to see vulgar signs shooting down the citizens and their country, also that their nation’s flag is being tossed around like a rag doll. If we fail to police our own responsibilities as citizens, America will shrink back to the oppressed nation it once was. Congress must push to clarify and define what is protected In the Constitution and end this travesty that is disrupting our peace. Works Cited: â€Å"Disturbing The Peace.† For The People. Morgan and Morgan. 2012. Web. 28 Nov. 2012. Gene, Policinski. Commentary: Inside The First Amendment: Laws Are Not Best Way To Thwart Westboro. Daily Record, The (Baltimore, MD) (n.d.): Legal Collection. Web. 28 Nov. 2012. God Hates Fags. God Hates Fags. GHF, 2012.Web. 27 Nov, 2012. Jonsson, Patrik. â€Å"What recourse now to Westboro Baptist Churchs rude protests?† Christian Science Monitor. 3 Mar. 2011. 1Pg. Academic Search Complete. Web.28 Nov. 2012. Richey, Warren. â€Å"Supreme Court: hurtful speech of Westboro Baptist Church is protected.† Christian Science Monitor. 3 Mar. 2011. 1pg. Academic Search Complete. Web. 19 Nov. 2012. The Anti-Defamation League. The Anti-Defamation League. ADL, 2012. Web. 19 Nov, 2012. â€Å"The Preamble to The Bill of Rights.† Give me liberty. (N.p.) (n.d.) Web. 27 Nov, 2012. Vogue, De Ariane. â€Å"Supreme Court OK’s Protests at Military Funeral.† ABCnews. 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2012. Vogue, De Ariane. â€Å"Westboro Baptist Church Comes to the Supreme Court.† ABCnews. 2010. Web. 19 Nov. 2012. Williams, Patricia. License And Liberty. Nation 292.13 (2011): 9. Legal Collection. Web. 28 Nov. 2012.

Energy Demand Essay -- Environment, Thermodynamics

1. Introduction Due to the economic growth, the energy demand of the world increase every year. In the energy conversion process in power plants and small engines, energy efficiency is a key factor. The equipments with higher efficiency, the more work output. Therefore, a number of researches studied on thermodynamics of efficiency, irreversibility and exergy in both spark-ignition and compression-ignition engines were found during the last century. The thermal efficiency and the energy loss in the system are normally calculated from the 1st law of thermodynamics, while the maximum work output or exergy is characterized by the 2nd law of thermodynamics. The exergy of a system from the 2nd law is defined as the maximum useful mechanical work as can be produced as the system is brought to thermal mechanical and chemical equilibrium with its environment through reversible processes [1]. Unlike energy, exergy is not a conserved quantity and can be destroyed during the process due to irreversibility. Rakopoulos and Giakoumis [1], Caton J.A. [2], Som and Datta [3] studie... Energy Demand Essay -- Environment, Thermodynamics 1. Introduction Due to the economic growth, the energy demand of the world increase every year. In the energy conversion process in power plants and small engines, energy efficiency is a key factor. The equipments with higher efficiency, the more work output. Therefore, a number of researches studied on thermodynamics of efficiency, irreversibility and exergy in both spark-ignition and compression-ignition engines were found during the last century. The thermal efficiency and the energy loss in the system are normally calculated from the 1st law of thermodynamics, while the maximum work output or exergy is characterized by the 2nd law of thermodynamics. The exergy of a system from the 2nd law is defined as the maximum useful mechanical work as can be produced as the system is brought to thermal mechanical and chemical equilibrium with its environment through reversible processes [1]. Unlike energy, exergy is not a conserved quantity and can be destroyed during the process due to irreversibility. Rakopoulos and Giakoumis [1], Caton J.A. [2], Som and Datta [3] studie...

Who Am I Presentation

The social categories I can identify with are African Americans, European Americans (Whites), and Nigerian Americans. I can identify with African Americans because I am an African American. I can identify with Whites and Nigerian Americans because I have worked very closely with both these racial and ethnic groups. â€Å"The term African American refers to individuals who are residents of the U. S. A. , usually raised here, who are of African ancestry, whereas the term Black is more general and can refer to anyone of African ancestry, including recent immigrant† (Education. byu. edu, 2012). African Americans make up about 14% of the population in the United States (Education. byu. edu, 2012). The ancestors of African Americans were brought to the Americas against their will and enslaved by Whites. They were forcibly taken to Spanish and English colonies in America where they were enslaved and treated as inferiors. For more than two centuries, African Americans suffered from slavery and segregation but continued to have hope (Education. byu. edu, 2012). My ancestors used Religion, mostly Christianity, and Gospel music to help them cope and forget about their suffering for a certain period of time. Believing in God and singing old Negro spiritual songs, gave them hope that one day they would be free and able to live among and be equal to other races. Blacks were forbidden to attend the same schools as whites, use the same restrooms as whites, ride the front of the bus, vote or go anywhere white people were. The struggle for freedom was a very long and difficult one. Once the NAACP was formed in 1909, they aimed to abolish segregation and discrimination against blacks (â€Å"Encyclopedia Britannica's Guide to Black History†, 2013). African Americans have come a very long way from slavery days. No one would ave ever believed that the United States of America would one day see a Black President elected for not one, but two terms. Although we have a come a long way, we still have a long way to go. Prejudice and discrimination still exists in the world today. Many people discriminate against Blacks because of the stereotypes that were created about them and the way they are p ortrayed on television in the news. Blacks were most known for being religious, cooking soul food, being athletic and singing. Today, Blacks are known for being criminals and violent, being drug addicts and alcoholics, being poor, uneducated, jobless and unhealthy. Although all of these things exist among all races, it seems that they are more prevalent among Blacks. When Blacks commit crimes, they are plastered all over the news. But when Whites or another race commit a crime, it is kept quiet unless it is a high profile case. For example, when the young eight year old Jewish boy, Leiby Kletzky, from Brooklyn was found in the refrigerator of another Jewish man from their own community, the story was kept under wraps. Before the police discovered the boy’s body it was a high profile case, then all of a sudden when it was found out to be one of their own kind, the story was no longer in the news. I have worked with Nigerian Americans for over eleven years. I must say that my experiences with Nigerian Americans have not always been good. From what I have learned, they seem to be rude, they think they are inferior to Blacks and Hispanics but they fear the Whites. Most of them are Catholic, they eat foods that seem to have a foul odor, and they speak their own language. I found this to be interesting because I became close friends with two Liberian Americans and they seem to be totally different from Nigerian Americans both in their appearances and their behaviors. Liberians seem to be very polite, clean, and pleasant people. They only speak English, although they have a very heavy accent when speaking amongst each other because they speak very fast. Liberian women seem to be smaller in stature and dress very nice in American clothing. Nigerian women are very large with large hands and feet, they appear darker, they wear their African clothing often and they do not care too much about appearance. Most Africans do not consider themselves to be African Americans. They do not consider themselves or their ancestors to be a part of the slavery era (â€Å"Encyclopedia Britannica's Guide to Black History†, 2013). I always believed that everyone from Africa was the same until I began working with them. Most of them seem to love spicy food, they eat whole fish with the head still on it, they love rice and they eat some interesting food. Every year, my job has a cultural diversity event where people of all ethnicities and races bring their food for others to experience. I love learning and trying new things, so I find this event to be very informative and helpful in teaching others about different cultures and beliefs. It also allows everyone to get to know others for themselves which makes a healthier work environment. As far as my ancestors being discriminated against, my great (x’s 4) grandmother was raped by a slave master and my father’s mother is mixed with Black And White races. My great (x’s 4) grandmother was beaten and repeatedly raped. This is all the information my grandmother gave me. My grandmother and all her sisters and brothers are very, very light and fair skinned with beautiful hair. I always wondered why and when I asked her she told me the story about her grandmother and her grandmother’s mother being raped during slavery by their White slave masters. References Cultural Groups. (2012). Retrieved from http://Education.byu.edu/diversity/culture.html Encyclopedia Britannica's Guide to Black History. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.Britannica.com/blackhistory

An Analysis Of The Financial Annual Report Of Victrex Plc Accounting Essay

1.0 IntroductionThis paper comprises of two subdivisions. The first subdivision involves an analysis of the fiscal one-year study of Victrex Plc in 2010, and appraisal of the public presentation of the concern in 2010 in comparing to the old twelvemonth 2009. The analysis will be carried out by reexamining the fiscal information provided in the company ‘s one-year study allocated for this paper. The type of information included in said one-year study are the Chairman ‘s statement, the Chief Executive Officer ‘s reappraisal, Financial Director ‘s study, the Director ‘s study & A ; the fiscal statements such as income statement, balance sheet and hard currency flow statement. An overview of the concern public presentation over the last five old ages will besides be discussed. The relevant ratios will be computed in order to analyze the public presentation of the concern and suggestion decisions and tax write-offs where appropriate. Other relevant informati on such as corporate administration and accounting policies will be considered and discussed. The 2nd subdivision of this paper will analyze the relevancy of working capital direction in a concern and discoursing how the author playing the function of financial officer impacted on working capital.Furthermore, techniques such as fringy costing and budgeting and their benefits in the decision-making procedure will be compared to the existent universe state of affairs.1.1 COMPANY OVERVIEWVictrex Plc is a taking planetary maker of high public presentation thermoplastics polymers which began utilizing the VICTREXA ®PEEK in Western Europe and United States to turn to the demands in the automotive and transit sector. As concern became planetary, Victrex expanded into high turning markets such as Japan, China, India, Russia, and Brazil. The company has over 30years experience in the production of polyketone. Within this clip of operation, Victrex Plc has a production, engineering, client service and distribution squad that spans over 30 states worldwide. Victrex Plc portions are li sted in the London Stock Exchange. Victrex Plc comprises of two divisions viz. the Victrex Polymer Solution and the Invibio Biomaterial Solutions. Victrex Polymer Solution focuses on the conveyance, industrial and the electronic markets. This division specialises in the development and industry of high public presentation polyaryletherketones such as VICTREXA ®PEEKa„? polymer, VICOTEA ® coatings and APTIVa„? movies. On the other manus, Invibio Biomaterial Solutions focuses on supplying specialist solutions for medical device makers. This division provides entree to extremely specialized biocompatible PEEK- based stuffs and services for medical device makers. Their trade names are PEEK-OPTIMA, MOTIS, PEEK-CLASSIX and ENDOLIGN. VICTREXA ®PEEK Polymer is behind most of today ‘s invention in markets runing from automotive, energy, electronics, aerospace, semi music directors, medical, nutrient processing and fabrics.1.2 FIVE Year FINANCIAL SUMMARY REVIEWThe one-year study 2010 of Victrex Plc has some information over the last five old ages of the public presentation of the Organisation. Information in the one-year study high spots consequences on gross, net income before revenue enhancement, balance sheets, hard currency flow ratios and sale volume. However, this study shows that the gross of the company for the past five old ages increased by 6.9 % between 2006 ( ? 122.5m ) and 2007 ( ? 131.0m ) . This growing was due to an addition in gross revenues of their industrial market which went up 16 % above the old twelvemonth due to increase in demand for oil and gas and chemical processing clients. The conveyance market besides increased by 6 % as a consequence of increased commercial aerospace gross revenues. Regionally, United States was up 9 % due to growing in the automotive, commercial aerospace and oil and gas sections, but was partly offset by a decrease in semiconducting material gross revenues. Asia Pacific gross revenues were up 13 % as a growing in addition gross revenues of conveyance and electronics ( Victrex, 2010 ) . In the old ages 2007 and 2008, the company experienced an addition of 7.7 % from ?131.0m in 2007 to ?141.1m in 2008. This growing was as a consequence of addition in gross revenues in Japan and the United States. Besides addition in the commercial aerospace gross revenues in United States and Europe led to the growing in gross ( Victrex, 2010 ) . In Year 2008 and Year 2009, Based on the impact of clients destocking, there was a lessening of ( 26.4 ) % in gross from ?141.1m in 2008 to ?103.8 in 2009. This decrease was as a consequence of decrease of gross revenues volume based on the economic downswing. Transport gross revenues decreased by 41 % in 2009 due to important diminution in automotive gross revenues across all parts. Industrial sale volume besides decreased by 35 % in 2009 as a consequence of reduced oil and gas demand, this besides became resilient based on the economic downswing ( Victrex, 2010 ) . Finally, the study shows that the greatest addition in gross within the five twelvemonth period was between 2009 and 2010 as gross addition was 82.6 % from ?103.8 in 2009 to ?189.5 in 2010. This was as a consequence of addition in gross revenues volume from 1547 metric tons to 2535 metric tons. The benefit of improved implicit in exchange rates as the sterling weakened against their currencies during the twelvemonth besides had a positive impact. Increased gross revenues in electronics were up by 96 % over 2009 which reflected strong gross revenues into the client electronics and semi music director fabrication sector. High demand of merchandises resulted in an addition of gross revenues in the geographical and industrial market which allowed for high stock list degrees and fabrication rates. The addition in gross revenues was as a consequence of restocking tendencies. Other markets such as transport gross revenues volume increased by 59 % over 2009, Industrial gross revenues increas ed by 53 % over 2009. Aerospace showed strong growing due to a combination of higher production degrees and new aircrafts orders driven by positive tendencies and prognosis for both concern and touristry travel, and new application development for the merchandises to assist run into demands ( Victrex, 2010 ) . From the one-year study given for the operating net income ( Net income before involvement and revenue enhancement ) , it can be seen that in twelvemonth 2006 it was ?46.1m and increased in twelvemonth 2007 to ?52.0m, amounting to an addition of ?5.9m. Besides in old ages 2007 and twelvemonth 2008, there was an addition of ?3.0m with operating net income in 2007 as ?52.0m and in 2008 as ?55.0m. However, there was a lessening of ( ?29.9m ) in twelvemonth 2008 and 2009, with operating net income of in 2008 as ?55.0m and in 2009 as ?25.1m. In twelvemonth 2010, the company made the greatest addition of ?49.8m in operating net income between twelvemonth 2009 as ?25.1m and twelvemonth 2010 as ?74.9m ( Victrex, 2010 ) . These figures are illustrated in the diagram belowFigure 1: Victrex Plc ‘s Five Year Gross and Net income before Interest and TaxFrom the chart, it can be deduced that the company had an addition in gross and net income before involvement and revenue enhancement from Y ear 2006- 2008, a decrease in Year 2009 and a important addition in Year 2010.2.0 VICTREX ANNUAL REPORT ANALYSISIn measuring the fiscal state of affairs of Victrex Plc, it is required to look at its Amalgamate Income Statement, Consolidated Balance sheet and Cash Flow Statement. The Ratio Analysis is deduced utilizing four wide countries such as Profitability Ratios, Efficiency Ratios, Liquidity Ratios and Investment Ratios ( White et al. , 2003 ) . For the intent of this paper, the figures used are from the 2010 Annual Report and are calculated in ?million ( m ) .2.1 INTERPRETATION OF ACCOUNTSRatios are indexs to an penetration on countries that need to be examined in more inside informations by comparing the old twelvemonth ( 2009 ) to the undermentioned twelvemonth ( 2010 ) of Victrex Plc ( Perry, 2011 ) . Hence, the ratios are interconnected and used to pull decisions from the analysis by measuring a company ‘s public presentation. To this terminal, Victrex Plc will be ana lysed utilizing the four wide countries of ratio analysis.2.1.1 GrossThe company ‘s income statement shows that gross was up by 82 % to ?189.5m in 2010 from ?103.8m in 2009. This addition was as a consequence of addition in gross revenues volume by 64 % due to a strong recoil in demand across all markets in Europe, Middle East and Africa ( ‘EMEA ‘ ) , America, Asia Pacific and United Kingdom. Besides there was depreciation in sterling as this resulted in the addition of gross of other markets, which enabled the company benefit from the exchange rate derived function. The one-year study shows that the changeless exchange rate of the gross was up 47 % compared to 2009 ( Victrex, 2010 ) .2.1.2 PROFITABILITY RATIOProfitability ratios are used to find how productively the concern is runing. Thus Net income is a step of a concern success ; therefore these ratios are watched by both internal users and external users such as direction and stockholders ( Jones, 2006 ) . Pro fitability ratios comprises of Return on Capital Employed, Return on Total Assets, Return on Shareholders Fund, Gross net income Ratio, Operating Profit Ratio and Mark-up Ratio ( Perry, 2011 ) .2.1.2.1 RETURN ON CAPITAL EMPLOYEDThis ratio considers how efficaciously a company uses its capital employed ( Jones, 2006 ) .According to Perry ( 2011 ) , Return on Capital Employed is defined as: ROCE= Net income before Interest & amp ; Tax ( Operating Profit ) x 100 Entire Assets- Current Liabilities ( Capital Employed ) In 2010, it was 74.9m Ten 100 = 74.9m A-100 = 31.67 % 279.0m – 42.5m 236.5m In 2009, it was 25.1m Ten 100 = 25.1m A- 100 = 12.89 % 221.0m – 26.3m 194.7m From the computation above, it shows that there was an addition of 18.78 % in 2010 compared to 2009. This was due to the operating net income, entire assets and current liabilities. In footings of the operating net income, the addition was up 198 % to ?74.9m in 2010 from ?25.1m in 2009 and this was as a consequence of an addition in gross net income which was impacted by the addition in gross and cost of gross revenues. The gross net income increased 87 % with the gross border at 63.6 % of the gross in 2010.The gross border was 62.1 % in 2009 and was up 63.6 % in 2010. The 1.5 % difference was due to positive impact of currency partly offset by an addition in ‘cost per metric ton ‘ as gross revenues were mostly out of stock list produced in 2009. There was a lessening in production volumes in 2009 as a consequence in increased fixed production costs per metric ton. Gross saless, selling and administrative disbursals increased by 16 % to ?45.7m in 2010 from ?39.4m in 2009 as a consequence of elements of staff wage being linked to the fiscal public presentation. There were besides investings in resources to drive new application development across both divisions. The one-year study besides shows the changeless exchange rate was up 53 % compared to 2009. The Entire Assets besides increased by 26.2 % to ?279m in 2010 from ?221m in 2009, this was as a consequence of an addition in hard currency with ?77.2m in 2010 from ?18.6m in 2009 which reflects the strong recoil in gross revenues generated from operations which was shown on the hard currency flow statement. The current liabilities were up due to an addition in trade and other payables that were affected by accumulations of ?18.7m in 2010 from ?8.8m in 2009 which implies the company still has hard currency to pay to their creditors ( Victrex, 2010 ) .2.1.2.2 RETURN ON TOTAL ASSETSThis ratio shows how good a concern is profitable in relation to its invested assets and what it has taken to fund it ( Dys on, 2007 ) . Harmonizing to Perry ( 2011 ) , Return on Total Assets can be defined as: ROTA = Net income before Interest and Tax A- 100 Entire Assetss In 2010, it was 74.9m A- 100 = 26.85 % 279m In 2009, it was 25.1m A- 100 = 11.36 % 221m The computation above shows that there is an addition of 15.49 % in 2009 to 2010. But this addition was due to an increased operating net income every bit good as an addition in entire assets. As discussed in ROCE, the operating net income increased due to increase in gross net income of 87 % within 2009 and 2010, cost of gross revenues of 75.3 % in 2009 and 2010 and gross of 82 % in 2009 and 2010. Besides in footings of the entire assets, there was an addition in hard currency and hard currency equivalents of 315 % between 2009 and 2010, addition in trade and other receivables which implies addition in money owed to the company by debitors of 21.6 % between 2009 and 2010 and an addition in deferred Tax assets of 36.6 % between 2009 and 2010 ( Victrex, 2010 ) .2.1.2.3 RETURN ON SHAREHOLDERS FundssThis ratio measures how good the direction turned the return on capital employed to a return on the financess invested by the stockholders ( Millichamp, 1997 ) . Harmonizing to Perry ( 2011 ) , Return on Shareholders Fundss can be defined as: ROSF = Profit after Tax ( Net incomes ) A- 100 Stockholders Fundss In 2010, it was 54m A- 100 = 25.60 % 211m In 2009, it was 17.8m A- 100 = 10.60 % 168m From the computation above, there was a 15 % addition between 2009 and 2010 in the return of stockholder ‘s financess. This addition is due to an addition of gross which was as a major accelerator in hiking gross revenues and besides depreciation in the sterling which increased the gross from other markets. Besides there was an addition in the stockholders financess of ?43m between 2009 and 2010, due to the fact that the managers recommended the payment of a concluding dividend of 18.6p per ordinary portion and a particular dividend of 50.0p per ordinary portion, as a consequence of this, there was an addition in the portion premium. Based on the ROSF, it is likely the stockholders will appreciate the consequences, as this shows an addition from the old twelvemonth and the company is doing net income in 2010 ( Victrex, 2010 ) .2.1.2.4 GROSS PROFIT MARGINThis ratio calculates the net income earned through trading, it is utile in a concern where stock is purchased, marked up and so resold ( Jones, 2006 ) . Harmonizing to Perry ( 2011 ) , Gross Profit Margin can be defined as: Gross Profit Margin = Gross Profit A- 100 Gross saless In 2010, it was 120.6m A- 100 = 63.64 % 189.5m In 2009, it was 64.5m A-100 = 62.14 % 103.8m As can be seen above, the Gross net income border difference between 2009 and 2010 is 1.50 % . This addition was based on increased Cost of gross revenues every bit good as in addition in gross. The gross net income increased 87 % with the gross border at 63.6 % of the gross in 2010. The gross border grew to 63.6 % in 2010 from 62.1 % in 2009.The 1.5 % difference was due to positive impact of currency partly offset by an addition in ‘cost per metric ton ‘ as gross revenues were mostly out of stock list produced in 2009. There was a lessening in production volumes in 2009 as a consequence of increased fixed production costs per metric ton. Besides, there was an addition in gross revenues which led to the addition in gross to 82 % to ?189.5m in 2010 from ?103.8m in 2009. Besides depreciation in sterling besides helped the company ‘s growing as the gross of the other markets increased ( Victrex, 2010 ) .2.1.2.5 OPERATING Net income MarginThis is an of import fiscal ind ex ; it is calculated after disbursal in the net income and loss history. It is largely used for internal comparing due to the fact that differing accounting policies applied by different concerns make external comparing complicated ( Perry, 2011 ) . Operating Net income Margin can be defined as: Operating Net income Margin = Net income before Interest and Tax A- 100 ( Perry, 2011 ) Gross saless In 2010, it was 74.9m A- 100 = 39.53 % 189.5m In 2009, it was 25.1m A- 100 = 24.18 % 103.8m The operating net income border difference between 2009 and 2010 is 15.35 % as this was as a consequence of the addition in the operating net income which was up 198 % to ?74.9m in 2010 from ?25.1m in 2009. This was as a consequence of addition in the gross revenues, selling and administrative disbursals and gross net income, every bit good as increased gross revenues. Gross saless, selling and administrative disbursals increased by 16 % to ?45.7m in 2010 from ?39.4m in 2009 as a consequence of elements of staff wage being linked to the fiscal public presentation. There were besides investings in resources to drive new application development across both divisions. The one-year study besides shows the changeless exchange rate was up 53 % compared to 2009. As discussed above, the addition in gross to 82 % to ?189.5m in 2010 from ?103.8m in 2009 was as a consequence of addition in gross revenues. Besides depreciation in sterling besides helped the company ‘s growing as the gross of the other markets increased ( Victrex, 2010 ) .2.1.2.6 MARK UP RATIOThe Mark up Ratio is another manner of mensurating the profitableness of a concern. It besides measures the sum of net income added to the cost of gross revenues, in add-on it can be the cost of goods sold peers to the gross revenues gross ( Perry, 2011 ) . Mark up Ratio can be defined by Dyson ( 2007 ) as: Mark up Ratio = Gross Profit A- 100 Cost of Gross saless In 2010, it was 120.6m A- 100 = 175.04 % ( 68.9 ) m In 2009, it was 64.5m A- 100 = 164.12 % ( 39.3 ) m The Mark up ratio difference between 2009 and 2010 is 10.92 % . This implies that the gross net income increased 87 % with the gross border at 63.6 % of the gross in 2010. The gross border grew to 63.6 % in 2010 from 62.1 % in 2009. The 1.5 % difference was due to positive impact of currency partly offset by an addition in cost per metric tons as gross revenues were mostly out of stock list produced in 2009. There was a lessening in production volumes in 2009 as a consequence of increased fixed production costs per metric ton. Besides, there was an addition in gross revenues which led to an 82 % addition in gross to ?189.5m in 2010 from ?103.8m in 2009. Besides depreciation in Sterling besides helped the company ‘s growing as the gross from other markets increased. Although, Cost of Goods increased by 75.3 % between 2009 and 2010 and this was as a consequence of addition in demand of Victrex Peek Polymers across all markets, the company still made an addition in gross ( Victrex , 2010 ) .2.1.3 EFFICIENCY RATIOThis ratio is besides known as the activity ratio. The efficiency ratio is used to mensurate how efficaciously a concern endeavor is runing. It is concerned about the chiefly usage of assets ( Jones, 2006 ) . This ratio is used to find how a concern uses its assets to keep its activities and gross revenues ( White et al. , 2003 ) . Four of the efficiency ratios will be used to analyze Victrex Plc.2.1.3.1 SALES PER ?1 CAPITAL EMPLOYED ( NET ASSET TURNOVER )This ratio is besides known as Asset Turnover Ratio. It indicates how efficaciously the stockholders financess are bring forthing money ( Perry, 2011 ) . Harmonizing to Perry ( 2011 ) , It can be defined as: Gross saless per ?1 Capital Employed = Gross saless = Gross saless Capital Employed Total Assets – Current Liabilitiess In 2010, it is 189.5m = 189.5m = 0.80 times 278.9m -42.5m 236.5m In 2009, it is 103.8m = 103.8m = 0.53 times 221.0m – 26.3m 194.7m The consequences above show that the stockholders financess generated more money in 2010 than in the old twelvemonth. There was an addition in gross due to an addition in gross revenues and a depreciation of Sterling besides helped the company ‘s growing as the gross from other markets increased. Capital employed increased by ?41.8m between 2009 and 2010. This was as a consequence of addition in hard currency and hard currency equivalents, trade and other receivables, deferred revenue enhancement rates & A ; trade and other payables. Giving a proper account, the entire assets besides increased by 26.2 % to ?279m in 2010 from ?221m in 2009, this was as a consequence of an addition in hard currency with ?77.2m in 2010 from ?18.6m in 2009 which reflects the strong recoil in gross revenues generated from operations which was shown on the hard currency flow statement. The current liabilities were up due to an addition in trade and other payables that were affected by accumulations o f ?18.7m in 2010 and ?8.8m in 2009 which implies the company still has hard currency to pay to their creditors ( Victrex, 2010 ) .2.1.3.2 NON- CURRENT ( FIXED ) ASSET TURNOVERThis ratio provides an analysis of how expeditiously the fixed assets are at bring forthing gross revenues. It is effectual as an internal index when comparing one period with another ( Perry, 2011 ) .According to Perry ( 2011 ) , it can be defined as: Non- Current ( Fixed ) Asset Turnover = Gross saless Non-Current ( Fixed ) Assetss In 2010, it was 189.5m = 1.31 145.1m In 2009, it was 103.8m = 0.71 146.8m Looking at the consequences above, Victrex Plc used its fixed assets more efficaciously in 2010 compared to 2009 therefore the concern is less at hazard in 2010 than in 2009. This can be explained stating â€Å" for every GBP ( ? ) tied up in non-current assets, the sum generated from gross revenues was higher † . This can be farther explained due to the addition in gross which was due to a encouragement in gross revenues and depreciation of the Sterling as before discussed in the old subdivision. There was a lessening in fixed assets and this can be explained looking at the lessening in belongings, works and equipment which was ?125.3m in 2010 from ?129.5m in 2009, this lessening was as a consequence of depreciation over the utile economic life of the assets. Besides Intangible assets besides decreased in 2010 to ?10.1m from ?10.3m in 2009 due to the good will of the acquisition of Victrex Polymer Solution being tested for damage, therefore cut downing the good will of the ac quisition. Besides the impact of the know-how of the acquisition associated with the natural stuff BDF was to the full amortised by 2010 ensuing to no consequence on the intangible assets ( Victrex, 2010 ) .2.1.3.3 INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIOThis ratio is besides known as stock turnover ratio. This ratio efficaciously measures the velocity with which stock moves through the concern. This varies from concern to concern and merchandise to merchandise ( Jones, 2006 ) . Harmonizing to Perry ( 2011 ) , it can be defined as: Inventory Turnover Ratio = Cost of Goods Sold Inventory In 2010, it was 68.9m = 2.00 times 34.5m In 2009, it was 39.3m = 1.06 times 37.2m The computation above shows that the stock list turnover increased 2.00 times in 2010, this implies that for every sale of two, there was one stock list held while in 2009, for every sale of one, there was one stock list held. Thus Victrex Plc was more effectual in 2010 at buying and merchandising of goods, farther explicating that there was more sale compared to the degree of stock list held and the company was able to turn over its stock list better compared to the old twelvemonth ( 2009 ) .This consequence is affected by the addition in cost of goods sold which was ?68.9m in 2010 from ?39.3m in 2009 as there was a higher demand of merchandises in 2010 and the betterment over the period reflects the favorable effectual exchange rates together with a lower implicit in cost of gross revenues per metric ton in the 2nd half ensuing from lower fixed costs per metric ton as production volume increased. Inventory decreased to ?34.5m in 2010 from ?37.2m in 2009, although natural stuffs inc reased due to the company carrying natural stuffs to enable them keep supplies during any short term break but finished goods decreased in 2010 compared to 2009 because there was a short term rush in the demand for goods ( Victrex, 2010 ) .2.1.3.4 RECEIVABLES COLLECTION PERIODThis ratio seeks to mensurate how long clients take to pay their debts. Therefore, the quicker the concern collects and Bankss the money, the better it is for the company. This ratio can be used monthly, hebdomadal or day-to-day footing ( Jones, 2006 ) . Harmonizing to Perry ( 2011 ) , it can be defined as: Receivables Collection Period = Receivables A- 365 Gross saless In 2010, it was 19.1m A- 365 = 36.79 yearss 189.5m In 2009, it was 15.7m A- 365 = 55.21 yearss 103.8m Looking at the computations above, this implies that the concern was more efficient at retrieving its debts from clients as the consequences were lower in 2010 with 36.79days compared to 55.21days in 2009. This was as a consequence of addition in gross revenues of goods produced in 2010 compared to 2009. This besides indicates that in 2010 there was better hard currency flow as it took a shorter clip to have money owed by clients compared to 2009 ( Victrex, 2010 ) .2.1.4 LIQUIDITY RATIOThese ratios are derived from the balance sheets and seek to prove how easy a company can pay its debts. These ratios are of import to loan creditors such as bankers who have loaned to the concern ( Jones, 2006 ) . There are two types of ratios viz. the ‘current ratio ‘ and the ‘acid trial ratio ‘ ( Perry, 2011 ) . These ratios will be used to analyze Victrex Plc ‘s liquidness.2.1.4.1 CURRENT RATIOThis ratio tests whether the short term assets cover the short term liabilit ies. If this is non the instance, so there will be deficient liquid financess instantly to pay to the creditors ( Jones, 2006 ) . Harmonizing to Perry ( 2011 ) , Current ratio can be defined as: Current Ratio = Inventory + Receivables + Cash and Cash Equivalents Payabless + Short Term Borrowings In 2010, it was 34.52m + 0.74m + 19.11m + 2.24m +77.27m = 133.88m = 3.15: 1 ( 25.15 ) m + ( 15.11 ) m + ( 2.27 ) m ( 42.53 ) m In 2009, it was 37.17m + 1.02 m+15.66 m+ 1.70m +18.56m = 74.11m = 2.82: 1 ( 6.30 ) m + ( 5.42 ) m + ( 14.58 ) m ( 26.3 ) m From the computation above, current ratio increased from 2.82 in 2009 to 3.15 in 2010. Therefore in 2010, for every ?1 in current liabilities, there is ?3.15 in current assets compared to 2009 during which for every ?1 in current liabilities, there is ?2.82 in current liabilities. This implies that the concern has adequate hard currency to cover its liabilities. If the current assets exceed the current liabilities, this could bespeak sufficient hard currency in the concern ( Dyson, 2007 ) . However, the major impact on the addition in current ratio was as a consequence of addition in hard currency of ?58.7m between 2009 and 2010, which reflects the strong recoil in gross revenues and the Group has a committed bank installation of ?40m, all of which was undrawn at the twelvemonth terminal and this expires in September 2012. Besides looking at the hard currency flow statement, the company generated hard currency from operations. There was an addition in receivables of ?3.4m between 200 9 and 2010. The current liabilities were up due to an addition in trade and other payables that were affected by accumulations of ?18.7m in 2010 from ?8.8m in 2009 which implies the company still has hard currency to pay to their creditors and besides an addition in current income revenue enhancement liabilities of ?9.7m between 2009 and 2010 ( Victrex, 2010 ) .2.1.4.2 ACID TEST RATIOThis is besides known as the Quick Ratio. It is a step of utmost short -term liquidness, therefore the acerb trial ratio excludes stock lists, which is the least liquid of the current assets to get at an immediate trial of the company ‘s liquidness ( Jones, 2006 ) . The importance of this ratio is that it has a clearer image of the state of affairs as a house may non be able to dispose of its stock lists instantly ( Dyson, 2007 ) .According to Perry ( 2011 ) , Acid Test Ratio can be defined as: Acid Test Ratio = Receivables + Cash and Cash Equivalents Payabless + Short Term Borrowings In 2010, it was 0.74m + 19.11m + 2.24m +77.27m = 99.36m = 2.34: 1 ( 25.15 ) m + ( 15.11 ) m + ( 2.27 ) m ( 42.53 ) m In 2009, it was 1.02m +15.66m + 1.70m +18.56m = 36.94m = 1.40: 1 ( 6.30 ) m + ( 5.42 ) m + ( 14.58 ) m ( 26.30 ) m Looking at the computation above, there is an addition in Acid trial ratio of 2.34 in 2010 from 1.40 in 2009, even after the stock lists were removed. This means that the concern has adequate hard currency to cover its liabilities. This implies that the stock lists did non hold an impact in the ratio as the major part to this alteration were the addition in hard currency every bit good as the addition in trade and other receivables, addition in payables and current income revenue enhancement liabilities, as these were explained above in the current ratio ( Victrex, 2010 ) . Therefore an acerb trial ratio above one ( 1 ) implies the company can still change over hard currency at easiness.2.1.5 FINANCIAL GEARING RATIOSThese ratios measure the ability of the concern to run into its longer-term duties and they indicate the sum of hazard to which stockholders are exposed through the sum of debt nowadays in the concern capital construction ( Jones, 2006 ) . Gearing ratio and Interest Cover will be used to analyze Victrex Plc.2.1.5.1 GEARING RATIOThis ratio measures the relationship between equity and debt capital of a company. The geartrain of a concern demonstrates how reliant the concern is on borrowed money, instead than portion capital. ( Perry, 2011 ) . Harmonizing to Perry ( 2011 ) , pitching ratio can be defined as: Gearing Ratio = Net Borrowings ( Debts ) A- 100 Stockholders Fundss ( Equity ) Harmonizing to Annual Report, the geartrain ratio could non be calculated as there were no net adoptions in 2009 and 2010. Based on the fact that the Group had a committed bank installation of ?40m, all of which was undrawn at the twelvemonth terminal and this expires in September 2012 ( Victrex, 2010 ) .2.1.5.2 Interest ScreenThis ratio is of peculiar involvement to those who have loaned money to the company ( Jones, 2006 ) . Harmonizing to Perry ( 2011 ) , it can be defined by demoing the relationship during the trading period between runing net incomes and the involvement charges ensuing from the degree of debt during the period. The expression is: Interest Cover = Operating Profit = Operating Net income Net Interest/ Finance charges Finance Cost – Finance Income In 2010, it was 74.9m = 74.9m = 1.63 ( 93 ) m -139m ( 46 ) m In 2009, it was 25.1m = 25.1m = 0.81 ( 60 ) m – 91m ( 31 ) m Deducing from the computation above, the involvement screen has increased in 2010 to 1.63 from 0.81 in 2009. This addition implies that the company is bring forthing adequate gross to pay its debts. This addition in 2010 is due to the fact that the operating net income increased which is as a consequence of addition in gross as there was more demand of the merchandises taking to an addition in gross revenues compared to the old twelvemonth ( 2009 ) . Therefore in 2009, the concern could hold been in a fiscal hazard as at that place might non hold been sufficient hard currency to sit out sudden downswing as a consequence of the lessening in gross. The finance income increased in 2010 to ?139m from ?91m in 2009. The Finance Cost increased by ?33m between 2009 and 2010. This ratio is of import to stockholders ( Victrex, 2010 ) .3.0 DecisionRatio Analysis is a really of import manner of measuring the overall public presentation of an Organisation. Many administrations use this technique to compare the company ‘s public presentation over clip or compare it with the fiscal public presentation of other companies. However, holding analysed Victrex ‘s Plc ‘s, it can be said that Victrex Plc is a traveling concern as it has sufficient hard currency and resources to command its operational being. Looking at the five twelvemonth fiscal sum-up, it can be said that that twelvemonth 2010 has proven to be the best fiscal twelvemonth over the period. These analysis show that the company had an addition in hard currency and hard currency equivalents, addition in gross revenues volume, high gross border and besides an addition in the operating net income. Therefore, in footings of its profitableness, the company had an addition in the gross border demoing an betterment which was based on addition in gross with the the major accelerator to this being the favorable exchange rates and increase in gross revenues. The operating border besides increased as a consequence of the addition of gross revenues, selling and disposal disbursals which emanated from elements of staff wage being linked to the fiscal public presentation. There was besides an addition in the return of capital employed, return on entire assets and besides return on stockholders financess. This addition in 2010 indicates that the company has done better overall compared to the old old ages in footings of a step in the concern success doing the company attractive as an investing. Looking at the efficiency ratio, the stock list turnover increased as a consequence of high demand of merchandises across different markets. The non-current assets ratio increased although Property, works and equipment decreased as a consequence of depreciation of the assets, Besides the receivables aggregation period reduced bespeaking that the company is better at recovering its debts from its debitors, and eventually Net plus turnover besides increased as a consequence of addition in hard currency and hard currency equivalent as its impact reflected on the capital employed. Therefore, this addition in 2010 indicates that the company is better at utilizing its assets efficaciously in bring forthing gross revenues compared to the old old ages. Sing the liquidness of the company, a decision can be drawn based on the current plus ratio and the acerb trial ratio which indicate an addition due to hard currency and hard currency equivalents and besides the addition in the trade and other receivables, therefore bespeaking that the company will be able to pay off any debt if a state of affairs occurs in twelvemonth 2010. In footings of the fiscal geartrain ratios, this helps to bespeak how stable the company is, looking at Victrex Plc, there was no pitching ratio calculated as the house had no net adoptions but there was an addition in involvement screen this was as a consequence of the addition in operating net income and besides based on the addition in portion premium, therefore this addition in 2010 will let stockholders to appreciate the growing of the concern compared to the old twelvemonth. Conclusively, Victrex Plc appears to be a well positioned company for continued growing in its section of the market in twelvemonth 2010 compared to the old twelvemonth. The direction of Victrex Plc have a good apprehension of the markets they operate in by proactively expecting the expected demands of their clients and go oning to take advantage of chances within the market topographic point and spread out its skylines as a market leader in the production of high public presentation thermoplastics polymers.WORD COUNT: 5579Section 24.0 THE ROLE OF WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT IN MANAGING A BUSINESSWorking Capital can be defined as the current assets less current liabilities. The major constituents of the current assets are stock lists, trade and other receivables and hard currency and hard currency equivalents while current liabilities constituents are trade and other payables, bank overdraft and short term adoptions ( Mclaney & A ; Atrill, 2008 ) . Working Capital Management can be defined as the direction and control of the current assets and current liabilities which are the chief components of the on the job capital ( Mathur, 2002 ) . The importance of working capital direction is an indispensable portion of a concern short-run planning procedure. Management should do determinations on how much of each constituent should be held ( Mclaney & A ; Atrill, 2008 ) .According to Vijayakumar ( 2001 ) , the significance of working capital direction comprises of two grounds viz. 1 ) A significant part of a entire investing is invested in the current assets and 2 ) degree of the current assets and current liabilities will alter as a consequence in fluctuation in gross revenues. Working capital direction is of import to the fiscal wellness of the concern from all industries. The on the job capital demands of a peculiar concern are likely to alter over clip as a consequence of alterations in the concern environment, giving room for determinations to be made invariably ( Mclaney & A ; Atrill, 2008 ) . Therefore Working Capital has acquired a great significance and sound place for two duplicate objects of profitableness and liquidness. The importance of working capital direction and its satisfactory proviso can take non merely to material nest eggs in the economical usage of capital but besides assist in fostering the ultimate purpose of the concern by maximizing the fiscal returns on the minimal sum of capital that needs to be employed ( Vijayakumar, 2001 ) . If on the job capital is mismanaged, it can take to loss of net incomes in the short-term but will consequences to a ruin of the house in the long-term. Thus the adequateness of working capital together with efficient managing determines the endurance or death of the house. In the existent universe scenario, a house can be and last without doing net income but it can non last without working capital financess, therefore this could take to bankruptcy and closing over a period of clip. Therefore in footings of the working capital direction, one should see the short-run liquidness place of the house. The investing determination in the current assets trades with a few jobs with working capital direction as profitableness and liquidness are dependent on the current assets direction. Therefore an appropriate degree of current assets and current liabilities in the concern determines the degree of working capital that affects the house ‘s liquidness ( Vijayakumar, 2001 ) . The victorious game was a simulation during the fiscal analysis and control faculty, the author ‘s function in this game was a financial officer. The financial officer ‘s duty in the game was to rede the squad on hard currency planning, to manage, control and record hard currency motions and fix the hard currency flow statement. After readying of the hard currency flow statement, the financial officer reconciled the hard currency records to the existent hard currency place throughout the twelvemonth. The financial officer worked closely with the fiscal director to jointly command all hard currency motions whether receivables or payables. The financial officer besides advised the squad to win gross revenues from the place market as receivable period was one one-fourth and the sale to the foreign markets was two quarters. Selling to the place market helped increase the hard currency flow state of affairs as hard currency was gotten faster for goods sold. The beginnings of financess were through loans, discounting and bing stockholder ‘s equity. The squad merely indulged in the discounting option one time as seen in twelvemonth one in the income statement as it was seen as less profitable. However, high sums of loans were borrowed in twelvemonth two to back up the technology and quality in order to be able to win commands as this can be shown in the balance sheet for twelvemonth one and two. Overall, looking at the direction of the on the job capital of the game, one can infer that as a consequence of hapless squad determination doing which led to high stock list degree based on purchase of natural stuffs which were non planned decently, the purchase of new equipments increased the work in advancement, we did non profit in gross revenues as we had insufficient contract to run into capacity and besides big unfilled contracts led to increase in the degree of stock list. Receivables were besides delayed due to the type of contract we bided for and besides dependant on the foreign market which took a long clip to have hard currency. Therefore in the existent universe state of affairs, the financial officer should give considerable clip in effectual control and the supervising of working capital constituents as this generates growing and net income of the concern.WORD COUNT: 7785.0 MARGINAL CostingFringy costing can be defined as a technique which divides costs in two classs viz. fixed cost and variable cost when bring forthing an excess unit of a merchandise. A fixed cost can be defined in the short tally as it does non change in entire when end product fluctuates, for illustration ; rent for a mill, while variable costs are those that entire cost varies pro rata with the volume of end product, for illustration, Direct Material and Direct Labour ( Mott, 2008 ) . Harmonizing to Perry ( 2011 ) , a circumstance whereby a merchandise is already being produced and an extra merchandise is demanded by a client, the cost of bring forthing the extra merchandise is referred to as Marginal Costing. In the winning border game, the fringy costing enabled the squad to do determinations based on what type of merchandises to be manufactured and what is required in the production. In Year 3 of the game, the squad explored chances in order to increase profitableness by puting in merchandise support to guarantee all merchandises are sold. It besides helped in optimizing part by measuring the difference between the best and worst scenarios of the terrier and the tiger ‘s sale values, variable cost and unit part. Therefore, the benefit of the fringy costing in the game helped the squad purpose at winning orders closer to the best terminal of the part where it was profitable. In the existent universe state of affairs, Marginal Costing is used by direction to assist do determinations to the best cost of action in the short term ( Millichamp, 1997 ) . Decisions made by direction by the aid of fringy costing can be classified harmonizing to Mott ( 2008 ) as: Make or Buy Decisions One -off pricing Decisions The effects of a alteration in Product Mix The Volume requires to interrupt even or do a specified net income A pick between Alternative Cost StructuresWORD COUNT: 3126.0 BUDGETINGBudgeting can be defined as an of import tool for pull offing and commanding a concern ( Mclaney & A ; Atrill, 2008 ) . Harmonizing to Perry ( 2010 ) , a budget aim identifies where the concern demands to be at the terminal of a fiscal twelvemonth. A budget should be prepared as a resource program to enable that both fiscal and market aims are achieved. Therefore Harmonizing to Drury ( 2004 ) and Millichamp ( 1997 ) , the intent of budgeting are classified into several features ; some of these features would be used by the author to discourse the budgeting technique used in the winning border game. These Features are as follows: Planning: Budgets are used for future planning of activities in a company. It is used to benchmark to guarantee companies run into their ends. In the winning border, the squad made programs based on what merchandise should be produced, what market to put in and programs based on fiscal issues such as loans to enable be aftering on hard currency influx and escape. Profitableness: Budgets can be used for measuring future profitableness of direction programs. This is used in comparing the budget program to the existent consequences as this was done in the winning border in twelvemonth two in ciphering the production budget and gross revenues budget which was compared to the existent program. Coordination: The benefit of a budget is to enable assorted sections to collaborate and compromise when there is limited resources. In the winning game, the squad cooperated in respects to the production capacity as to what contract to travel for, what market to put in and what stock to buy and this helps observe any coordination jobs and better efficiency. Communication: Budgeting enabled different sections in the winning border game exchange information and thoughts as the financial officer recorded hard currency motions, fiscal director handled the fiscal policies, the buying director was in charge of stock list, the commercial director was cognizant of what market to put in and the production director was cognizant of what equipment to purchase. Resource Allocation: Budget aid in easing resource allotment in a company. In the winning border, resources were distributed across the assorted sections as hard currency escape was as a consequence of technology and quality, merchandise support and equipments. In the existent universe, Budgeting can be used to advance frontward thought and it is a short term agencies of working towards a concern aims.WORD COUNT: 394